نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال یکم شماره 1 (تابستان 1395)

1. Adsorption and separation of gaseous compounds is a special issue in industry. Zeolites are the common material used for gaseous compound separation. Separation and adsorption features of zeolites in gaseous compounds has been investigated in terms of temperature, pressure, pore size, and structure. Many of studies used PCFF force field and Monte-Carlo method for investigating carbon dioxide adsorption behavior of zeolites. Rahmati and Modarress, and Lim et al. studied zeolites with MSE, IHW, UFI, SIV, IWV, and JSR structures. They showed that PCFF force field is a good choice for simulation. Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential function was also applied in most of the papers. Shu-Mei Wang, and Rahmati and Modarress used this potential function to model unlinked interactions. The results illustrated good coherence with experimental data. Furthermore, zeolite with NaY structure was modeled with GCMC and experimental method by A. Ghoufi et al. Yue et al applied L-J and Colon function and also used molecular dynamics and Monte-carlo method for modeling unlinked interaction in zeolite with MFI structure. Adsorption and separation of benzene and carbon dioxide compound were investigated. The effects of temperature, pressure, mixture of feed elements and adsorption heat were studied and results of simulation correspond well with experimental data. There are many structures for zeolite and grow annually. Therefore, their performance features of them in terms of separation and adsorption of gaseous compounds must be investigated. Hence, in this study we use molecular simulation by Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamic methods to investigate and compare separation and adsorption capacity of MFI and FAU zeolites.
2. We have to simulate 2 kinds of interaction: gas-gas and gas-zeolites. We learned from previous study that L-J potential function is appropriate for interactions of gas molecules and atoms in nanotube. We set PCFF force field for inter-molecular interactions and consider that zeolites have rigid and nonflexible structure. We used periodic boundary layer for creating a limitless system. In simulation by MonteCarlo method we used metropolis algorithm. We also applied GCMC condition. Chemical potential is a function of gas fugacity. We assumed Ideal gas assumption instead of fugacity in all gases simulated. By using metropolis algorithm and according to generation, elimination, movement, rotation, and angular bending of molecules, alterations are applied to system and rejected and accepted by accepting terms of that transformation.
3. First of all we need to investigate the accuracy of simulation’s results which include: 1. the results of gas adsorption in zeolite, 2. Adsorption of pure gas, 3. Adsorption of the mixture of two gasses, 4. Selectivity, and 5. Permeability. Figure 1 shows constant temperature adsorption of carbon dioxide in zeolite with MFI structure. We compare our result with other studies to illustrate that our method in acceptable and better simulate the behavior of adsorption in zeolite. We set temperature and pressure on 298K and 0-1000KPA respectively. We also applied PCFF force field.
Figure 2 illustrates the results of pure gas adsorption of nitrogen. Figure 2 demonstrates that with the increase of pressure, adsorption of nitrogen is increased but, this trend is converse about temperature.
In the temperature of 298K, pressure of 100, 1000, and 5000 KPa, and different feed concentration of 10 to 90 percent, competitive adsorption of CO2 with N2 and also CO2 with CH4 are investigated by Monte-Carlo method. The results are shown in figure 3. Dash lines stand for CO2 and solid lines account for N2 and CH4 Figure 3 proves that in zeolite with FAU structure, CH4 is more adsorbed in comparison with N2 with different feed concentration.
Figure 4 illustrates that with increasing the total pressure of feeding, selectivity is reduced. As we expected, FAU adsorbs N2 less than CH4. Therefore, selectivity of carbon dioxide versus N2 is more than versus CH4
Figure 5 shows that with the increasing of feed concentration, permeability coefficient is reduced and this reduction is bigger when CO2 is adjacent to CH4. Moreover, results illustrate that permeability coefficient is bigger when CO2 is mixed with CH4 in comparison to N2.
4. The results of this study demonstrate that with increasing temperature and reducing pressure, adsorption is decreased. In terms of selectivity, the selectivity of CO2 is dependent on pressure, feed concentration, and molecular structure. Finally, the results of permeability coefficient of CO2 in 2 structures shows that MFI is dominant.

1. Environmental pollution to heavy metals is increasing every year and cause serious risks to human health, animals and plants. In terms of adverse effects on human health, particulate matter contains heavy metals are perhaps the most important air pollutants because of their non-biodegradable nature. They are released to the atmosphere via different processes and natural and man-made (anthropogenic) sources and enter body organs and tissues as a result of absorption through respiration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) which contains heavy metals and trace elements. Because of the risks posed by elements in Suspended Particulate Matter to human health and the ecosystem, it is important to develop effective control measure for air particulate emission. However, an important step in air pollution control program is the identification of pollutants, the contributing source and the relative contribution of each source. Elemental composition of SPM in ambient air of Rey city in Tehran has been investigated. Some of these pollutants, particularly the SPM and their elemental constituents are known to be hazardous to human health. It is therefore pertinent to investigate the activities of these industries. This has necessitated the present study to ascertain the degree of contamination of air in Rey City. Zone 20 of Tehran (Rey city) with an area of 176 square kilometer and population more than 370 thousand people is the most polluted area of Tehran due to the establishment of polluting industries such as cement factory, refinery, oil collection include pipelines, etc. The aim of this study is select the suitable sites in accordance with the US EPA standards to install air pollution monitoring station, investigate the change of metals concentrations as inorganic pollutants in ambient air and comparison with international standards and finally, their sources and anthropogenic contributions for the first time for this region.
2. There are different methods for sampling and determination of total suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere. This study has used the gravimetric techniques to sample and determine TSPM in Rey city according to the Standard Method, Compendium Method IO-3.1. In this method, the amount of particulate matter accumulated on the filter over a specified period of time is measured by weighing a pre-weighed filter after exposure. The flow rate of air sampled is measured over the test period. The result is expressed in terms of particulate mass collected (or loading) per unit volume of air sampled, usually as micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). The volume of air sampled is recorded by measurement of the device flow rate(s). Therefore, to achieve this purpose, 6 different stations were specified around this area according to the EPA standards included a residential, a traffic, two residential-industrial and two industrial stations.
High volume sampler, TCR TECORA model was used for the collection of the airborne particulate component of the atmosphere. The sample collection was carried out at 1394 in two seasons, summer and winter. Glass-fiber filter papers were dried and weighted before and after the sampling. So the daily concentrations of particulate matter with the size 3. The main purpose of this study is determination and monitoring some of heavy metals (such as Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg, Zn, Al and Fe) in ambient air in Rey city. So, 6 sampling stations were selected based on the effect of residential sources, mobile sources (vehicles) and stationary sources (industrial centers). Sampling of particulate matter in less than 10 micron diameter, were performed and the samples were analyzed to measure heavy metals according to the standard methods and EPA instructions. Analyzing the results of the measurements show that:  Annual concentration of chromium is higher than standard (0.01 μg/m3) at all sampling stations which shows the role of transportation (due to the corrosion of catalyst convertor and presence of asbestos in brake pad) and also industry, specially cement production in it’s emission to the ambient air. Chromium is naturally not an earth’s crust metal, so it increases at cold and rainy seasons and inversion.  Annual concentration of nickel is higher than standard (0.02 μg/m3), nearby different emission sources such as cement production, foundry and refinery which are the main emission sources of nickel in ambient air. Gradually, away from these sources and close to the residential zone, it will decrease.  Due to the production and distribution of lead-less gasoline since 1382, Lead pollution in ambient air which is most affected with traffic emissions, is lower than standard (0.5 μg/m3), but, it is higher than standard at stations locating near industrial zone, foundry, refinery and cement factory respectively.  Annual concentration of Cadmium is higher than standard (0.005 μg/m3) at all sampling stations. The most concentration is near industrial zone and then, cement factory which are the main emission sources. Analyzing the results shows that, the concentration of this metal increase in cold seasons due to the increasing of high temperature combustion processes.  All 6 stations show lower Mercury and Cupper emissions than standards (1 μg/m3). So, this area is in a satisfactory situation in terms of ambient emission of these parameters.  Regarding to the Zinc, Iron and Aluminum, no national or international standards is determined for ambient air emission, therefore, it is impossible to judge these metals emissions. However, the main sources of these metals in Rey city has been dust generated from calcareous soils (raw materials), cement clinker dust and metal smelting plants. These emissions are higher in summer than winter due to the less rain.
4. Airborne particulate matter (PM) emissions can be minimized by pollution prevention and emission control measures. Prevention, which is frequently more cost-effective than control, should be emphasized. Accordingly, some of the proposed measures to prevent or control their emissions include: 1. Management: Measures such as improved process design, operation, maintenance and other management practices, improving combustion efficiency, improving fuel injection zone configuration and combustion along with an adequate amount of excess air. 2. Choice of Cleaner Fuels: Such as natural gas, lighter distillate oil-based processes, low-ash fossil. 3. Fuel Cleaning: To reduce ash and sulfur content and/or co-firing of coal with higher and lower ash content, which can reduce ash content by up to 40%. 4. Choice of more efficient Technology and Processes: Advanced coal combustion technologies such as coal gasification and fluidized-bed combustion. 5. Select optimal particulate removal devices cyclones, wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and bag-houses. ESPs are especially efficient in collecting fine particulates and can also capture trace emissions of some toxic metals with an efficiency of 99% and are the most cost effective according to the other equipments. Hence, continuity the monitoring and revision of filtration systems at pollutant zone are the main measures to eliminate the pollution. However, controlling emissions of many heavy metals, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury that are present as trace elements in fuels is a difficult and largely unsolved problem.

1. During the past fifty years’ air pollution impacts has been proven to the scientific and medical societies. The air human inhales continuously are significant to his health regardless of race, location and level of health. Children, elders and cardiovascular and pulmonary patients are the most sensible ones compared to the others. But healthy adults could be also damaged by destructive effects of contaminated air while acting at low quality atmosphere.
2. Methodology Study area
The Shrine’s parking area is included of four sub-areas that nine evaluation stations are installed in them and one station is installed in the outside air to determine the quality differences of inner and outer air. Sampling Method Sampling is accomplished for three times in fall and spring employing Carbon sorbent tube method and Chromatography. Before sampling in the initial step method validation, method optimization and preparation of standard solution was done in the Lab which took about two months. According to utilized method a sorbent tube of SKC Company is installed at the crossing path of the air to the sampling pump while the mass flow of air is low. Then using digital calibrator, the sampling pump is aligned to the mass flow of 100 ml per minute. Afterwards the sampling procedure would be accomplished for five hours in which 30 liters of air would be collected for each station. During installing and sampling the mass flow of the pump was aligned by Rotameter calibrated by another flow meter that its calibration plot was accessible for different times. The sorbent tube is installed vertical in the area of the staff inhalation. To determine CDI proposed equation by RAIS are employed. These equations consider human inhalation exposed to each of pollutants separately. Noncarcinogenic impacts of the pollutants are calculated by eq (1).
3. Evaluation of cancer risk: In the issue of carcinogenic impacts, the minimum contacts to carcinogenic pollutants could be resulted in cancer. Using Table 1 cancer CDI of cancer risk unit is calculated. According to Table 3-6 the maximum risk exists in stations six, nine and four respectively and the minimum risk exists for stations one and ten. The total risk for station six depicts that probable hazard of cancer is 176 per 1000000 people.
4. Concentration of pollutants in fall is greater than concentration of pollutants in spring. Noncarcinogenic CDI in all stations except station one and station ten is upper than one which conclude adverse effects on staff of the parking area. The maximum cancer risk is 176 per 1000000 people at the sixth station. Benzene plays the most significant role in both CDI and risk index.
5. Recommendations
Due to high concentration of pollutants in the most stations appropriate air conditioning system could solve the problem significantly. In other way protective masks and changing place of parking staff to the other parts are recommended

1. According to the studies report about the rates of diseases in the world in 2015, air pollution is responsible for 1.5 million deaths in China and 4.2 million people around the world. Despite statistics that compare the amount of Tehran’s pollutants with international standards, the claim is not far from reality that the air pollution is the main environmental problem in Tehran. Millions of people breathed in the most polluted air of Tehran throughout the day and if the growth of pollution sources continued to produce, so this issue can become a humanitarian disaster. The result of fuel consumption in various sectors is to produce the particles and gases that constant exposure against them involves problems and dangerous complications for human health and other living things and this is only part of the adverse effects of air pollution.
2. AIRREX device, Model HG-550 or analyzer of pollutants for the vehicles made of Korea that is one of standard devices by capability to measure the output gases from exhaust of vehicles; is used in the study to measure the pollutants emitted from exhaust of commercial vehicles in an industrial unit. The analyzer displays also the air ratio to fuel and excess air ratio. The instruction for usage the device is that probe of device puts inside the exhaust of vehicle, the device is turned on and after warming, it starts to analyze the output gas. The amount of pollution of output materials is determined based on standards developed by Iranians national standards organization to number ISIR 9181 and standard set by the environmental protection agency under standard of pollution limit for all vehicles according to the standard table of pollution limit for domestic and imported vehicles as follows.
3. As it has been shown, the major emitted pollutants include carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons that have adverse effects to the air pollution and human health and the environment. Most of these gases are emitted from exhaust because of technical fault of vehicles; and the first step to reduce the production of pollutant gases is their timely service and adjustment because the results of most researches reveal the importance of motor adjustment and circular services of vehicles for reduction of amount of air pollution. One of other tools and techniques to reduce the pollutants in the exhaust of vehicles is the use of catalytic converters on the route of vehicles’ exhaust. Catalyst converter is a device that installs in the engine exhaust system and then converts three harmful exhaust compounds from engine (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides) into harmless compounds by the catalyzers.

1. In Iran, oak bark (pericarp or fruit wall) was traditionally used to seal waterskins. Another traditional use of oak barks (especially testa or seed coat) is as agents for converting animal hides to leather (tanning), because of their ability to precipitate proteins. Oak bark heals effectively skin injuries and reduces inflammation and bleeding. Acorn seed and cupule were used for making flour and jam respectively. Tannins are somehow involved in all uses. The term “tannin” comes from the ancient celtic word for oak, a typical source for tannins for leather making. Bate-smith defined tannins as “water-soluble phenolic compounds having molecular weights between 500 and 3000… giving the usual phenolic reactions… and having special properties such as the ability to precipitate alkaloids, gelatin and other proteins”. Haslam has more recently substituted the term “polyphenol” for “tannin”, in an attempt to emphasize the multiplicity of phenolic groups characteristic of these compounds. He notes that molecular weights as high as 20000 have been reported, and that tannins complex not only with proteins and alkaloids but also with certain polysaccharides. Phenolics can affect the biological availability or activity of metal ions by chelating the metal. Chelation requires appropriate patterns of substitution and a pH above the pKa of the phenolic group. Bacterial siderophores with multiple phenolic groups and very high affinities for essential metals such as iron have been characterized. The similarity between siderophore orthodihydroxy substitution pattern and the substitution patterns on condensed and hydrolysable tannins suggests that tannins may also have very high affinities for metals. Metal ion chelation can alter the redox potential of the metal or prevent its participation in redox reaction. Through the studies on the substitution patterns at low pH, though Raymond et al. supposed that bidendate catecholate ligands in iron-enterobactin complexes were responsible for catecholate-type bond forming, but the experiment results showed that bond formation is favored in salicylate-type bonding, in which the bond is formed between the carbonyl oxygen atom and the deprotonated oxygen of phenolate at meta position. Hydrolysable tannins are derivatives of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxy benzoic acid). Gallic acid is esterified to a core polyol, and the galloyl groups may be further esterified or oxidatively crosslinked to yield more complex hydrolysable tannins. The simplest hydrolysable tannins, the gallotannins, are simple polygalloyl esters of glucose. In seeking environmentally green route of nanoparticle preparation, herein, we report a method in which two precursors are required for nanoparticle grow: a silver salt and a reducing agent.10 Persian
oak acorns bark extract and silver nitrate (AgNO3) salt were used to acquire reducing agents and silver ions (Ag) respectively. In better compliance with the principles of green chemistry, synthesis was one-pot, single-step method, and was conducted at room temperature without using any external sources of energy. Due to the antibacterial action of the so-obtained synthesized silver nanoparticles against polluted water sample of Qarasu River and owing to in-situ remediation of the contaminated water, they could find an application as effective remediators; a probable local solution for Qarasu River problems.
2. Materials and methods Materials
Silver nitrate (AgNO3, PubChem CID: 24470), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, tannic acid (PubChem CID: 16129778) and sodium carbonate (PubChem CID: 10340) were purchased from Merck (Germany). Ethanol 96˚ (PubChem CID: 702) was obtained from Kimia Alcohol Zanjan (Iran). All aqueous solutions were prepared by deionized water. Methods Quercus brantii, the Persian oak (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros region in Western Iran.20 The acorns barks, as residues of ripe acorns that fell off their parent trees, were collected (Chalabeh, Dorudfaraman Rural District, Kermanshah, Iran), dried at room temperature and ground with mortar and pestle. A stock solution of bark extract (15%, w/v) was prepared by macerating 7.5 g of oak bark powder in 50 ml of 70% aqueous ethanol (v/v) for one week in a capped reservoir flask. The eluate was filtered on paper and the filtrate was stored in refrigerator for further experiments. The following ratios were prepared: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1, based on volume ratios of 50 mM aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO3, Merck) stock solution to bark extract stock solution (15%, w/v). The total volume of each sample was adjusted to 50 ml by adding deionized water. To know the amount of phenolic compounds in Quercus brantii acorns bark extract, the FolinCiocalteu method was carried out by adding of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (1 N) to the acorns bark extract solution (0.01 ml, 1.5 % w/v) followed by the addition of sodium carbonate (20%, w/v), and the absorbance was measured after 40 min incubation. In parallel, a calibration standard curve using various known concentrations of tannic acid was used to quantify the extract (0.4-2.0 mg L-1 in water).21 The antimicrobial activity of extract and synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined against water sample collected from Qarasu River (Kohneh Bridge, Kermanshah, Iran), by spreading over the blood agar plates as bacterial culture medium. The river was contaminated with the bacterial effluent. Control samples were used to assess the antimicrobial activity of extract. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h for the bacterial and yeast cultures. The size and morphology of the silver nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, KYKY-EM3200, China) at 26 kV.
3. Formation of blue chromophores of tungsten and molybdenum complexes due to the reduction of Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent (phosphomolybdate-phosphotungstate) in presence of phenolic compounds in alkaline medium, verifying by UV-Visible spectroscopy at 725 nm provides the basis for development of an assay to quantify these compounds. Oak barks depending on different plant parts contain different types of tannins, especially gallotannic and quercitannic acids, in different levels. In this study, the total phenolic content as tannic acid was estimated to 17.6% w/w. Silver nanoparticles were characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Figure 2 shows SEM images recorded from sputter-coated gold film of the silver nanoparticles synthesized by treating the silver nitrate solution with oak acorns bark extract. From the image corresponding to 1:2 volume ratio (metal salt to extract volume ratio), it can be inferred that about 65% of particles are mainly ranged from 45 to 75 nm in size. One hundred particles were counted in each micrograph by using Image J software. At the critical proportion of 1:2, tannic acid complexes will be saturated with 20 silver atoms (around the o-dihydroxyphenyl groups of tannic acid) enabling rapid nucleation that results in smaller particle size. For values below and above this critical proportion, the interaction of such unsaturated compounds in solution leads to slower nucleation rates resulting in larger particle sizes. On the other hand, growth occurs due to the collision of nuclei/particles with chelated silver atoms. At a critical proportion of 1:2, the incorporation efficiency of atoms onto nuclei will be higher per collision resulting in higher growth rates and in smaller particle sizes The Antibiogram patterns (Figure 3) were expressed by spread-plate method against control samples (patterns h and i). Water sample was pipetted onto the surface of blood agar plates (patterns a-g). The off-white stains indicate the presence of colonies. Silver nanoparticles were present in the micelles of the plant-based surfactants. The addition of a nanoparticle solution with a certain amount of plantbased surfactants to the bacterial suspension probably led to coagulation of the nanoparticles via a charge neutralization mechanism between oppositely charged ions of bacterial cell surface and ionic surfactants. The low colloidal stability of the nanoparticles resulted in a decrease of effective silver concentration in the broth medium. Coagulation via a charge neutralization mechanism is most effective at an optimum coagulant dose. Most probably in our study, the nanoparticle levels at volume ratio of 1:2 correspond to the optimum surfactant concentration for effective coagulation and a slower killing trend was observed (pattern b). At a level lower than optimum nanoparticle level (volume ratio of 1:3), complete charge neutralization does not happen, whereas at a higher level (volume ratios of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1), due to the charge reversal the nanoparticles regain their colloidal stability, leading to poor or ineffective coagulation. Consequently, in those cases the killing is either much faster or immediate.
4. Conclusion
It can be inferred that atomic reorganization occurs within phenolic compounds result in different particle size and size distribution. Although growth on agar plates is a more ready means of determining antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, in this study experiments showed that at a critical proportion of silver nitrate to acorns bark extract, the obtained smaller nanoparticles will be less efficient in bactericidal applications for a short period of time. The explored energy-conserving, eco-friendly, simple, inexpensive and high efficiency silver nanoparticles production prepared by using locally based plant-derived materials (i.e. Quercus brantii acorns bark extract) are expected to have more extensive applications, among which waste and groundwater treatment, environmental remediation and refining. Although oak acorns bark consumption or other aforementioned uses are less common nowadays, such emerged exploitation is executable. Hence, embedding in-situ green synthesized silver nanoparticles in porous templates is the targeted long-term strategy.

1. Today, transport is one of the foundations of human progress and the pavement and road construction is an important component of transport sector. But in the meantime, Iran, need for ways to answer with having a high level of service and also to act nicety in terms of air pollution. In this research, the pavement methods compared and characterized a pavement that is more accommodating to the known green. One of the first pavement design dates back to the 1920s that were carried out on the pavement sheet. The use of heavy duty asphaltic mixture was conducted in 1930. The use of porous asphalt pavement in the Netherlands refers in 1972 as reducing the noise of the freeway. So, by 2010 about 90 percent of the freeway in the Netherlands had been equipped with this type of asphalt. The first report on the construction of concrete pavement in Scotland dates back to 1865. The first samples of the new roller compacted concrete pavement (RCC)was in the 1970s in Spain and in the way traffic was low. Four pavements spoted to study: bituminous asphalt, porous asphalt, roller compacted concrete pavement and foam concrete. Then in this study, Review the pavements characteristics for comparing with bituminous asphalt. 1.1 Characteristics of porous asphalt pavement 2.1 Characteristics of roller compacted concrete pavement 3.1 Characteristics of foam concrete pavement
2. Multi Ceriteria Decision Making Multi-criteria analysis process in a group of two or more decision that each has different priorities and approaches to the problem of decision making. In this case, the purpose of group decisionmaking, to achieve the optimal choice from among a set of options is established as the most agreement among decision-makers. Equivalent numerical values are weighted qualitatively as follows: Positive criteria: very little (1) little (2), relatively little (3), medium (4), relatively much (5), much (6), very much (7). Negative criteria: very little (7), little (6), relatively little (5), medium (4), relatively much (3) much (2), very much (1).
In this study of four common methods of analysis were used: 1.2 The multi-criteria analysis methods 1.1.2 Weighted sum This method is the easiest and most versatile multi-criteria analysis. In this way, all the criteria to become a standard scale. This scale, usually between zero and one option that a number represents the best performance.
2.1.2 TOPSIS This method is from distance-based methods. In this way, the choice should be the shortest distance from the ideal solution and have the farthest from non-ideal solution.
3.1.2 Adaptive planning The basis of this method is based on the concept of the ideal displacement. In this way, prioritization and ranking options based on their distance from the point is undesirable.
4.1.2 Ordered weighted averaging operation method (With the parted quantifier): This function is one-dimensional mapping of the n-dimensional space: F: Rn → R. This function is used to calculate the intelligent multi-criteria analysis, which relies on an n-dimensional weight vector is called. In this study, four of pavements are considered which conventional bituminous asphalt pavement compare with other pavements. Criteria of air pollution are: The particulate emissions resulting from the pavement production, the emissions resulting from the pavement production, Reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles, Pavements duty performance, the primary and secondary fuel for the pavement production, usage of recycled resources and Pavements structural performance.
3. Based on the criteria and weights considered in Table 1 Ranking of pavement is equal to the values in Table 2. Analysis on Table 2, foam concrete and asphalt Bituminous as the most appropriate and worst option are specified. Other noteworthy that only in some cases, roller compacted concrete and porous asphalt pavement moved in the rankings, but in the other cases, RCC in the second and third option is PA.
4. Conclusion
The research result shows that the foam concrete is as the best option among the proposed options for urban pavement that it is more compatible with the Green Way and it received the highest rating in criteria have been proposed. Also, application priority of pavement techniques in the Iran are: foam concrete, roller compacted concrete, porous asphalt and bituminous asphalt. According to this study, the conventional method used in pavement (bituminous asphalt) is considered unsuitable options.